How to distinguish between the common cold and influenza

Contributor: Chongqing Association of Science Writers

Authors: Vice Chief Nurse Han Jing of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Head Nurse Zhang Jian, and Chief Technician Zou Jingbo of the Chongqing Yongchuan District Red Cross Life Care and Health Science Popularization Volunteer Service Team (Teacher Zou's Science Garden).

Reviewer Expert: Li Hanbin

Statement: Except for original content and special notes, some images are sourced from the internet, intended for non-commercial use only, and serve as materials for scientific communication. Copyright belongs to the original authors. If there is any infringement, please contact us for removal.

The term "cold" we often mention refers to a collection of symptoms. Although they might appear similar, the underlying causes and their severity can vary significantly. It is important to distinguish between them for effective protection during the flu season, especially for elderly family members, children, and those suffering from chronic conditions.

1. Core differences: First, consider the pathogens; second, assess the symptoms.

1. Different pathogens.

Influenza: This is caused by the influenza virus, predominantly types A and B, known for its rapid mutation and high contagion rates.

Common cold: It is caused by various viruses, including rhinoviruses and adenoviruses, and has a relatively mild virulence.

2. Symptom Comparison (The Most Practical Discrimination Points)

A simple self-assessment approach: If you develop a high fever, body aches, and extreme fatigue from the outset, it is highly likely that you have the flu. Conversely, if you primarily experience nasal and throat discomfort while your energy levels remain relatively stable, you are more likely dealing with a common cold.

II. Special Caution: Certain Groups are at Increased Risk of Influenza.

Influenza significantly threatens the following groups, making them more susceptible to severe complications and requiring greater attention:

Elderly individuals (aged 65 and above)

Infants and preschool children (especially those under 5 years)

Pregnant women

Individuals with chronic ailments (such as heart disease, asthma, diabetes, and immune system disorders).

[Important Reminder] Families who have members in the aforementioned groups exhibiting influenza-like symptoms should seek medical attention promptly, allowing healthcare providers to assess the necessity of antiviral treatment.

When should you consult a doctor?

Even if you suspect that it is merely a common cold, it is crucial to seek medical attention if any of the following "warning signs" develop:

A high fever (39°C) persists for over three days without relief.

Experiencing difficulty breathing, chest pain, or palpitations.

Severe vomiting and diarrhea, leading to an inability to eat or drink.

Signs of poor mental state, excessive drowsiness, or abnormal irritability (these symptoms are particularly important to monitor in children).

Symptoms may worsen again after improvement, or if there is no progress within ten days.

4. Treatment and Care: Approaches Differ Significantly.

Regarding influenza:

Antiviral medications are essential (e.g., Oseltamivir), but these must be administered within 48 hours of symptom onset and require a doctor's prescription for purchase.

The focus should be on rest: More rest is needed than for a typical cold.

For the common cold:

No miracle drugs exist; the approach focuses on alleviating symptoms, such as using antipyretics and medications to relieve nasal congestion and cough.

Self-recovery: Make sure to rest adequately and stay hydrated, allowing your immune system to fight back.

Common Principles:

Antibiotics are ineffective: Both illnesses are caused by viruses, hence using antibiotics (such as amoxicillin or cephalosporins) is ineffective and potentially harmful.

Symptomatic care: Drink warm liquids, consume easily digestible foods, and utilize a humidifier to alleviate dryness, among other strategies.

Image source: Unsplash

Prevention is essential: Establishing two solid lines of defense is critical.

The first line of defense: Vaccination (the most effective method)

The flu vaccine serves as the most critical prevention measure against influenza, and annual vaccination is recommended due to the virus's yearly mutations.

The optimal vaccination period is prior to the onset of flu season each year (typically October to November in northern regions), though obtaining a vaccine during flu season is still advantageous.

Priority vaccinations should be given to all high-risk groups mentioned above, in addition to caregivers and healthcare professionals.

The second line of defense: Good daily habits.

Frequent handwashing: Utilize soap or hand sanitizer and running water for no less than 20 seconds.

Wearing masks: In crowded or enclosed spaces, masks can effectively block respiratory droplets.

Cough etiquette: When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your elbow.

Maintaining ventilation and isolation: Ensure your home is well-ventilated, and aim to remain at home when unwell to prevent spreading infections to others.

Boosting immunity: Maintain a balanced diet, exercise moderately, and get sufficient sleep to support optimal immune function.

Summary and Action List

Learn to differentiate: Be attentive to the two primary indicators of influenza: "high fever" and "severe body aches and fatigue."

High-risk groups should remain vigilant: If symptoms appear, seek medical assistance immediately to secure prompt treatment.

3. Scientific care: Address symptoms appropriately, ensure rest, stay hydrated, and avoid antibiotic misuse.

4. Proactive prevention: Get vaccinated annually and uphold good hygiene practices.

Health is in your hands; proactive prevention is always superior to treatment. When in doubt, consulting a healthcare professional promptly is the safest decision.